Mar 01, 2017 · The increase of vehicles on roads has caused two major problems, namely, traffic jams and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions.Generally, a conventional vehicle dissipates heat during consumption of approximately 85% of total fuel energy , in terms of CO 2, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbon, water, and other greenhouse gases (GHGs); 83.7% of total gas emissions are CO 2.